CPU hotplug in the Kernel¶

Date:: September, 2021
Author:: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>, Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>, Srivatsa Vaddagiri <vatsa@in.ibm.com>, Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>, Joel Schopp <jschopp@austin.ibm.com>, Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>

Introduction¶

Modern advances in system architectures have introduced advanced error reporting and correction capabilities in processors. There are couple OEMS that support NUMA hardware which are hot pluggable as well, where physical node insertion and removal require support for CPU hotplug.

Such advances require CPUs available to a kernel to be removed either for provisioning reasons, or for RAS purposes to keep an offending CPU off system execution path. Hence the need for CPU hotplug support in the Linux kernel.

A more novel use of CPU-hotplug support is its use today in suspend resume support for SMP. Dual-core and HT support makes even a laptop run SMP kernels which didn't support these methods.

Command Line Switches¶

maxcpus=n

Restrict boot time CPUs to n. Say if you have four CPUs, using maxcpus=2 will only boot two. You can choose to bring the other CPUs later online.

nr_cpus=n

Restrict the total amount of CPUs the kernel will support. If the number supplied here is lower than the number of physically available CPUs, then those CPUs can not be brought online later.

additional_cpus=n

Use this to limit hotpluggable CPUs. This option sets cpu_possible_mask = cpu_present_mask + additional_cpus

This option is limited to the IA64 architecture.

possible_cpus=n

This option sets possible_cpus bits in cpu_possible_mask.

This option is limited to the X86 and S390 architecture.

cpu0_hotplug

Allow to shutdown CPU0.

This option is limited to the X86 architecture.

CPU maps¶

cpu_possible_mask: Bitmap of possible CPUs that can ever be available in the system. This is used to allocate some boot time memory for per_cpu variables that aren't designed to grow/shrink as CPUs are made available or removed. Once set during boot time discovery phase, the map is static, i.e no bits are added or removed anytime. Trimming it accurately for your system needs upfront can save some boot time memory.
cpu_online_mask: Bitmap of all CPUs currently online. Its set in __cpu_up() after a CPU is available for kernel scheduling and ready to receive interrupts from devices. Its cleared when a CPU is brought down using __cpu_disable(), before which all OS services including interrupts are migrated to another target CPU.
cpu_present_mask: Bitmap of CPUs currently present in the system. Not all of them may be online. When physical hotplug is processed by the relevant subsystem (e.g ACPI) can change and new bit either be added or removed from the map depending on the event is hot-add/hot-remove. There are currently no locking rules as of now. Typical usage is to init topology during boot, at which time hotplug is disabled.

You really don't need to manipulate any of the system CPU maps. They should be read-only for most use. When setting up per-cpu resources almost always use cpu_possible_mask or for_each_possible_cpu() to iterate. To macro for_each_cpu() can be used to iterate over a custom CPU mask.

Never use anything other than cpumask_t to represent bitmap of CPUs.

Using CPU hotplug¶

The kernel option CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU needs to be enabled. It is currently available on multiple architectures including ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and X86. The configuration is done via the sysfs interface:

$ ls -lh /sys/devices/system/cpu
total 0
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root    0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu0
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root    0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu1
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root    0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu2
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root    0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu3
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root    0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu4
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root    0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu5
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root    0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu6
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root    0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu7
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    0 Dec 21 16:33 hotplug
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4.0K Dec 21 16:33 offline
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4.0K Dec 21 16:33 online
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4.0K Dec 21 16:33 possible
-r--r--r--  1 root root 4.0K Dec 21 16:33 present

The files offline, online, possible, present represent the CPU masks. Each CPU folder contains an online file which controls the logical on (1) and off (0) state. To logically shutdown CPU4:

$ echo 0 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/online
 smpboot: CPU 4 is now offline

Once the CPU is shutdown, it will be removed from /proc/interrupts, /proc/cpuinfo and should also not be shown visible by the top command. To bring CPU4 back online:

$ echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/online
smpboot: Booting Node 0 Processor 4 APIC 0x1

The CPU is usable again. This should work on all CPUs, but CPU0 is often special and excluded from CPU hotplug.

The CPU hotplug coordination¶

The offline case¶

Once a CPU has been logically shutdown the teardown callbacks of registered hotplug states will be invoked, starting with CPUHP_ONLINE and terminating at state CPUHP_OFFLINE. This includes:

If tasks are frozen due to a suspend operation then cpuhp_tasks_frozen will be set to true.
All processes are migrated away from this outgoing CPU to new CPUs. The new CPU is chosen from each process' current cpuset, which may be a subset of all online CPUs.
All interrupts targeted to this CPU are migrated to a new CPU
timers are also migrated to a new CPU
Once all services are migrated, kernel calls an arch specific routine __cpu_disable() to perform arch specific cleanup.

The CPU hotplug API¶

CPU hotplug state machine¶

CPU hotplug uses a trivial state machine with a linear state space from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_ONLINE. Each state has a startup and a teardown callback.

When a CPU is onlined, the startup callbacks are invoked sequentially until the state CPUHP_ONLINE is reached. They can also be invoked when the callbacks of a state are set up or an instance is added to a multi-instance state.

When a CPU is offlined the teardown callbacks are invoked in the reverse order sequentially until the state CPUHP_OFFLINE is reached. They can also be invoked when the callbacks of a state are removed or an instance is removed from a multi-instance state.

If a usage site requires only a callback in one direction of the hotplug operations (CPU online or CPU offline) then the other not-required callback can be set to NULL when the state is set up.

The state space is divided into three sections:

The PREPARE section

The PREPARE section covers the state space from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_BRINGUP_CPU.

The startup callbacks in this section are invoked before the CPU is started during a CPU online operation. The teardown callbacks are invoked after the CPU has become dysfunctional during a CPU offline operation.

The callbacks are invoked on a control CPU as they can't obviously run on the hotplugged CPU which is either not yet started or has become dysfunctional already.

The startup callbacks are used to setup resources which are required to bring a CPU successfully online. The teardown callbacks are used to free resources or to move pending work to an online CPU after the hotplugged CPU became dysfunctional.

The startup callbacks are allowed to fail. If a callback fails, the CPU online operation is aborted and the CPU is brought down to the previous state (usually CPUHP_OFFLINE) again.

The teardown callbacks in this section are not allowed to fail.
The STARTING section

The STARTING section covers the state space between CPUHP_BRINGUP_CPU + 1 and CPUHP_AP_ONLINE.

The startup callbacks in this section are invoked on the hotplugged CPU with interrupts disabled during a CPU online operation in the early CPU setup code. The teardown callbacks are invoked with interrupts disabled on the hotplugged CPU during a CPU offline operation shortly before the CPU is completely shut down.

The callbacks in this section are not allowed to fail.

The callbacks are used for low level hardware initialization/shutdown and for core subsystems.
The ONLINE section

The ONLINE section covers the state space between CPUHP_AP_ONLINE + 1 and CPUHP_ONLINE.

The startup callbacks in this section are invoked on the hotplugged CPU during a CPU online operation. The teardown callbacks are invoked on the hotplugged CPU during a CPU offline operation.

The callbacks are invoked in the context of the per CPU hotplug thread, which is pinned on the hotplugged CPU. The callbacks are invoked with interrupts and preemption enabled.

The callbacks are allowed to fail. When a callback fails the hotplug operation is aborted and the CPU is brought back to the previous state.

CPU online/offline operations¶

A successful online operation looks like this:

[CPUHP_OFFLINE]
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 1]->startup()       -> success
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 2]->startup()       -> success
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 3]                  -> skipped because startup == NULL
...
[CPUHP_BRINGUP_CPU]->startup()       -> success
=== End of PREPARE section
[CPUHP_BRINGUP_CPU + 1]->startup()   -> success
...
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE]->startup()         -> success
=== End of STARTUP section
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE + 1]->startup()     -> success
...
[CPUHP_ONLINE - 1]->startup()        -> success
[CPUHP_ONLINE]

A successful offline operation looks like this:

[CPUHP_ONLINE]
[CPUHP_ONLINE - 1]->teardown()       -> success
...
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE + 1]->teardown()    -> success
=== Start of STARTUP section
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE]->teardown()        -> success
...
[CPUHP_BRINGUP_ONLINE - 1]->teardown()
...
=== Start of PREPARE section
[CPUHP_BRINGUP_CPU]->teardown()
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 3]->teardown()
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 2]                  -> skipped because teardown == NULL
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 1]->teardown()
[CPUHP_OFFLINE]

A failed online operation looks like this:

[CPUHP_OFFLINE]
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 1]->startup()       -> success
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 2]->startup()       -> success
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 3]                  -> skipped because startup == NULL
...
[CPUHP_BRINGUP_CPU]->startup()       -> success
=== End of PREPARE section
[CPUHP_BRINGUP_CPU + 1]->startup()   -> success
...
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE]->startup()         -> success
=== End of STARTUP section
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE + 1]->startup()     -> success
---
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE + N]->startup()     -> fail
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE + (N - 1)]->teardown()
...
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE + 1]->teardown()
=== Start of STARTUP section
[CPUHP_AP_ONLINE]->teardown()
...
[CPUHP_BRINGUP_ONLINE - 1]->teardown()
...
=== Start of PREPARE section
[CPUHP_BRINGUP_CPU]->teardown()
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 3]->teardown()
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 2]                  -> skipped because teardown == NULL
[CPUHP_OFFLINE + 1]->teardown()
[CPUHP_OFFLINE]

A failed offline operation looks like this:

[CPUHP_ONLINE]
[CPUHP_ONLINE - 1]->teardown()       -> success
...
[CPUHP_ONLINE - N]->teardown()       -> fail
[CPUHP_ONLINE - (N - 1)]->startup()
...
[CPUHP_ONLINE - 1]->startup()
[CPUHP_ONLINE]

Recursive failures cannot be handled sensibly. Look at the following example of a recursive fail due to a failed offline operation:

[CPUHP_ONLINE]
[CPUHP_ONLINE - 1]->teardown()       -> success
...
[CPUHP_ONLINE - N]->teardown()       -> fail
[CPUHP_ONLINE - (N - 1)]->startup()  -> success
[CPUHP_ONLINE - (N - 2)]->startup()  -> fail

The CPU hotplug state machine stops right here and does not try to go back down again because that would likely result in an endless loop:

[CPUHP_ONLINE - (N - 1)]->teardown() -> success
[CPUHP_ONLINE - N]->teardown()       -> fail
[CPUHP_ONLINE - (N - 1)]->startup()  -> success
[CPUHP_ONLINE - (N - 2)]->startup()  -> fail
[CPUHP_ONLINE - (N - 1)]->teardown() -> success
[CPUHP_ONLINE - N]->teardown()       -> fail

Lather, rinse and repeat. In this case the CPU left in state:

[CPUHP_ONLINE - (N - 1)]

which at least lets the system make progress and gives the user a chance to debug or even resolve the situation.

Allocating a state¶

There are two ways to allocate a CPU hotplug state:

Static allocation

Static allocation has to be used when the subsystem or driver has ordering requirements versus other CPU hotplug states. E.g. the PERF core startup callback has to be invoked before the PERF driver startup callbacks during a CPU online operation. During a CPU offline operation the driver teardown callbacks have to be invoked before the core teardown callback. The statically allocated states are described by constants in the cpuhp_state enum which can be found in include/linux/cpuhotplug.h.

Insert the state into the enum at the proper place so the ordering requirements are fulfilled. The state constant has to be used for state setup and removal.

Static allocation is also required when the state callbacks are not set up at runtime and are part of the initializer of the CPU hotplug state array in kernel/cpu.c.
Dynamic allocation

When there are no ordering requirements for the state callbacks then dynamic allocation is the preferred method. The state number is allocated by the setup function and returned to the caller on success.

Only the PREPARE and ONLINE sections provide a dynamic allocation range. The STARTING section does not as most of the callbacks in that section have explicit ordering requirements.

Setup of a CPU hotplug state¶

The core code provides the following functions to setup a state:

cpuhp_setup_state(state, name, startup, teardown)
cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(state, name, startup, teardown)
cpuhp_setup_state_cpuslocked(state, name, startup, teardown)
cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls_cpuslocked(state, name, startup, teardown)

For cases where a driver or a subsystem has multiple instances and the same CPU hotplug state callbacks need to be invoked for each instance, the CPU hotplug core provides multi-instance support. The advantage over driver specific instance lists is that the instance related functions are fully serialized against CPU hotplug operations and provide the automatic invocations of the state callbacks on add and removal. To set up such a multi-instance state the following function is available:

cpuhp_setup_state_multi(state, name, startup, teardown)

The @state argument is either a statically allocated state or one of the constants for dynamically allocated states - CPUHP_BP_PREPARE_DYN, CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN - depending on the state section (PREPARE, ONLINE) for which a dynamic state should be allocated.

The @name argument is used for sysfs output and for instrumentation. The naming convention is "subsys:mode" or "subsys/driver:mode", e.g. "perf:mode" or "perf/x86:mode". The common mode names are:

prepare	For states in the PREPARE section
dead	For states in the PREPARE section which do not provide a startup callback
starting	For states in the STARTING section
dying	For states in the STARTING section which do not provide a startup callback
online	For states in the ONLINE section
offline	For states in the ONLINE section which do not provide a startup callback

As the @name argument is only used for sysfs and instrumentation other mode descriptors can be used as well if they describe the nature of the state better than the common ones.

Examples for @name arguments: "perf/online", "perf/x86:prepare", "RCU/tree:dying", "sched/waitempty"

The @startup argument is a function pointer to the callback which should be invoked during a CPU online operation. If the usage site does not require a startup callback set the pointer to NULL.

The @teardown argument is a function pointer to the callback which should be invoked during a CPU offline operation. If the usage site does not require a teardown callback set the pointer to NULL.

The functions differ in the way how the installed callbacks are treated:

cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(), cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls_cpuslocked() and cpuhp_setup_state_multi() only install the callbacks

cpuhp_setup_state() and cpuhp_setup_state_cpuslocked() install the callbacks and invoke the @startup callback (if not NULL) for all online CPUs which have currently a state greater than the newly installed state. Depending on the state section the callback is either invoked on the current CPU (PREPARE section) or on each online CPU (ONLINE section) in the context of the CPU's hotplug thread.

If a callback fails for CPU N then the teardown callback for CPU 0 .. N-1 is invoked to rollback the operation. The state setup fails, the callbacks for the state are not installed and in case of dynamic allocation the allocated state is freed.

The state setup and the callback invocations are serialized against CPU hotplug operations. If the setup function has to be called from a CPU hotplug read locked region, then the _cpuslocked() variants have to be used. These functions cannot be used from within CPU hotplug callbacks.

The function return values:

0

Statically allocated state was successfully set up

>0

Dynamically allocated state was successfully set up.

The returned number is the state number which was allocated. If the state callbacks have to be removed later, e.g. module removal, then this number has to be saved by the caller and used as @state argument for the state remove function. For multi-instance states the dynamically allocated state number is also required as @state argument for the instance add/remove operations.

<0

Operation failed

Removal of a CPU hotplug state¶

To remove a previously set up state, the following functions are provided:

cpuhp_remove_state(state)
cpuhp_remove_state_nocalls(state)
cpuhp_remove_state_nocalls_cpuslocked(state)
cpuhp_remove_multi_state(state)

The @state argument is either a statically allocated state or the state number which was allocated in the dynamic range by cpuhp_setup_state*(). If the state is in the dynamic range, then the state number is freed and available for dynamic allocation again.

The functions differ in the way how the installed callbacks are treated:

cpuhp_remove_state_nocalls(), cpuhp_remove_state_nocalls_cpuslocked() and cpuhp_remove_multi_state() only remove the callbacks.

cpuhp_remove_state() removes the callbacks and invokes the teardown callback (if not NULL) for all online CPUs which have currently a state greater than the removed state. Depending on the state section the callback is either invoked on the current CPU (PREPARE section) or on each online CPU (ONLINE section) in the context of the CPU's hotplug thread.

In order to complete the removal, the teardown callback should not fail.

The state removal and the callback invocations are serialized against CPU hotplug operations. If the remove function has to be called from a CPU hotplug read locked region, then the _cpuslocked() variants have to be used. These functions cannot be used from within CPU hotplug callbacks.

If a multi-instance state is removed then the caller has to remove all instances first.

Multi-Instance state instance management¶

Once the multi-instance state is set up, instances can be added to the state:

cpuhp_state_add_instance(state, node)

cpuhp_state_add_instance_nocalls(state, node)

The @state argument is either a statically allocated state or the state number which was allocated in the dynamic range by cpuhp_setup_state_multi().

The @node argument is a pointer to an hlist_node which is embedded in the instance's data structure. The pointer is handed to the multi-instance state callbacks and can be used by the callback to retrieve the instance via container_of().

The functions differ in the way how the installed callbacks are treated:

cpuhp_state_add_instance_nocalls() and only adds the instance to the multi-instance state's node list.

cpuhp_state_add_instance() adds the instance and invokes the startup callback (if not NULL) associated with @state for all online CPUs which have currently a state greater than @state. The callback is only invoked for the to be added instance. Depending on the state section the callback is either invoked on the current CPU (PREPARE section) or on each online CPU (ONLINE section) in the context of the CPU's hotplug thread.

If a callback fails for CPU N then the teardown callback for CPU 0 .. N-1 is invoked to rollback the operation, the function fails and the instance is not added to the node list of the multi-instance state.

To remove an instance from the state's node list these functions are available:

cpuhp_state_remove_instance(state, node)

cpuhp_state_remove_instance_nocalls(state, node)

The arguments are the same as for the cpuhp_state_add_instance*() variants above.

The functions differ in the way how the installed callbacks are treated:

cpuhp_state_remove_instance_nocalls() only removes the instance from the state's node list.

cpuhp_state_remove_instance() removes the instance and invokes the teardown callback (if not NULL) associated with @state for all online CPUs which have currently a state greater than @state. The callback is only invoked for the to be removed instance. Depending on the state section the callback is either invoked on the current CPU (PREPARE section) or on each online CPU (ONLINE section) in the context of the CPU's hotplug thread.

In order to complete the removal, the teardown callback should not fail.

The node list add/remove operations and the callback invocations are serialized against CPU hotplug operations. These functions cannot be used from within CPU hotplug callbacks and CPU hotplug read locked regions.

Examples¶

Setup and teardown a statically allocated state in the STARTING section for notifications on online and offline operations:

ret = cpuhp_setup_state(CPUHP_SUBSYS_STARTING, "subsys:starting", subsys_cpu_starting, subsys_cpu_dying);
if (ret < 0)
     return ret;
....
cpuhp_remove_state(CPUHP_SUBSYS_STARTING);

Setup and teardown a dynamically allocated state in the ONLINE section for notifications on offline operations:

state = cpuhp_setup_state(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN, "subsys:offline", NULL, subsys_cpu_offline);
if (state < 0)
    return state;
....
cpuhp_remove_state(state);

Setup and teardown a dynamically allocated state in the ONLINE section for notifications on online operations without invoking the callbacks:

state = cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN, "subsys:online", subsys_cpu_online, NULL);
if (state < 0)
    return state;
....
cpuhp_remove_state_nocalls(state);

Setup, use and teardown a dynamically allocated multi-instance state in the ONLINE section for notifications on online and offline operation:

state = cpuhp_setup_state_multi(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN, "subsys:online", subsys_cpu_online, subsys_cpu_offline);
if (state < 0)
    return state;
....
ret = cpuhp_state_add_instance(state, &inst1->node);
if (ret)
     return ret;
....
ret = cpuhp_state_add_instance(state, &inst2->node);
if (ret)
     return ret;
....
cpuhp_remove_instance(state, &inst1->node);
....
cpuhp_remove_instance(state, &inst2->node);
....
remove_multi_state(state);

Testing of hotplug states¶

One way to verify whether a custom state is working as expected or not is to shutdown a CPU and then put it online again. It is also possible to put the CPU to certain state (for instance CPUHP_AP_ONLINE) and then go back to CPUHP_ONLINE. This would simulate an error one state after CPUHP_AP_ONLINE which would lead to rollback to the online state.

All registered states are enumerated in /sys/devices/system/cpu/hotplug/states

$ tail /sys/devices/system/cpu/hotplug/states
mm/vmscan:online
mm/vmstat:online
lib/percpu_cnt:online
acpi/cpu-drv:online
base/cacheinfo:online
virtio/net:online
x86/mce:online
printk:online
sched:active
online

To rollback CPU4 to lib/percpu_cnt:online and back online just issue:

$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/state
169
$ echo 140 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/target
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/state
140

It is important to note that the teardown callback of state 140 have been invoked. And now get back online:

$ echo 169 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/target
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/state
169

With trace events enabled, the individual steps are visible, too:

#  TASK-PID   CPU#    TIMESTAMP  FUNCTION
#     | |       |        |         |
    bash-394  [001]  22.976: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 169 (cpuhp_kick_ap_work)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  22.977: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 168 (sched_cpu_deactivate)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  22.990: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 168 step: 168 ret: 0
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  22.991: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 144 (mce_cpu_pre_down)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  22.992: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 144 step: 144 ret: 0
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  22.993: cpuhp_multi_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 143 (virtnet_cpu_down_prep)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  22.994: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 143 step: 143 ret: 0
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  22.995: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 142 (cacheinfo_cpu_pre_down)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  22.996: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 142 step: 142 ret: 0
    bash-394  [001]  22.997: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 140 step: 169 ret: 0
    bash-394  [005]  95.540: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 140 (cpuhp_kick_ap_work)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.541: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 141 (acpi_soft_cpu_online)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.542: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 141 step: 141 ret: 0
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.543: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 142 (cacheinfo_cpu_online)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.544: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 142 step: 142 ret: 0
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.545: cpuhp_multi_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 143 (virtnet_cpu_online)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.546: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 143 step: 143 ret: 0
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.547: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 144 (mce_cpu_online)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.548: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 144 step: 144 ret: 0
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.549: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 145 (console_cpu_notify)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.550: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 145 step: 145 ret: 0
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.551: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 168 (sched_cpu_activate)
 cpuhp/4-31   [004]  95.552: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 168 step: 168 ret: 0
    bash-394  [005]  95.553: cpuhp_exit:  cpu: 0004  state: 169 step: 140 ret: 0

As it an be seen, CPU4 went down until timestamp 22.996 and then back up until 95.552. All invoked callbacks including their return codes are visible in the trace.

Architecture's requirements¶

The following functions and configurations are required:

CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU: This entry needs to be enabled in Kconfig
__cpu_up(): Arch interface to bring up a CPU
__cpu_disable(): Arch interface to shutdown a CPU, no more interrupts can be handled by the kernel after the routine returns. This includes the shutdown of the timer.
__cpu_die(): This actually supposed to ensure death of the CPU. Actually look at some example code in other arch that implement CPU hotplug. The processor is taken down from the idle() loop for that specific architecture. __cpu_die() typically waits for some per_cpu state to be set, to ensure the processor dead routine is called to be sure positively.

User Space Notification¶

After CPU successfully onlined or offline udev events are sent. A udev rule like:

SUBSYSTEM=="cpu", DRIVERS=="processor", DEVPATH=="/devices/system/cpu/*", RUN+="the_hotplug_receiver.sh"

will receive all events. A script like:

#!/bin/sh

if [ "${ACTION}" = "offline" ]
then
    echo "CPU ${DEVPATH##*/} offline"

elif [ "${ACTION}" = "online" ]
then
    echo "CPU ${DEVPATH##*/} online"

fi

can process the event further.

When changes to the CPUs in the system occur, the sysfs file /sys/devices/system/cpu/crash_hotplug contains '1' if the kernel updates the kdump capture kernel list of CPUs itself (via elfcorehdr), or '0' if userspace must update the kdump capture kernel list of CPUs.

The availability depends on the CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU kernel configuration option.

To skip userspace processing of CPU hot un/plug events for kdump (i.e. the unload-then-reload to obtain a current list of CPUs), this sysfs file can be used in a udev rule as follows:

SUBSYSTEM=="cpu", ATTRS{crash_hotplug}=="1", GOTO="kdump_reload_end"

For a CPU hot un/plug event, if the architecture supports kernel updates of the elfcorehdr (which contains the list of CPUs), then the rule skips the unload-then-reload of the kdump capture kernel.

Kernel Inline Documentations Reference¶

int cpuhp_setup_state(enum cpuhp_state state, const char *name, int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu), int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu))¶: Setup hotplug state callbacks with calling the startup callback

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the calls are installed
const char *name: Name of the callback (will be used in debug output)
int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu): startup callback function or NULL if not required
int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu): teardown callback function or NULL if not required

Description

Installs the callback functions and invokes the startup callback on the online cpus which have already reached the state.

int cpuhp_setup_state_cpuslocked(enum cpuhp_state state, const char *name, int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu), int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu))¶: Setup hotplug state callbacks with calling startup callback from a cpus_read_lock() held region

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the calls are installed
const char *name: Name of the callback (will be used in debug output)
int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu): startup callback function or NULL if not required
int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu): teardown callback function or NULL if not required

Description

Same as cpuhp_setup_state() except that it must be invoked from within a cpus_read_lock() held region.

int cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(enum cpuhp_state state, const char *name, int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu), int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu))¶: Setup hotplug state callbacks without calling the startup callback

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the calls are installed
const char *name: Name of the callback.
int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu): startup callback function or NULL if not required
int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu): teardown callback function or NULL if not required

Description

Same as cpuhp_setup_state() except that the startup callback is not invoked during installation. NOP if SMP=n or HOTPLUG_CPU=n.

int cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls_cpuslocked(enum cpuhp_state state, const char *name, int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu), int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu))¶: Setup hotplug state callbacks without invoking the startup callback from a cpus_read_lock() held region callbacks

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the calls are installed
const char *name: Name of the callback.
int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu): startup callback function or NULL if not required
int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu): teardown callback function or NULL if not required

Description

Same as cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls() except that it must be invoked from within a cpus_read_lock() held region.

int cpuhp_setup_state_multi(enum cpuhp_state state, const char *name, int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu, struct hlist_node *node), int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu, struct hlist_node *node))¶: Add callbacks for multi state

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the calls are installed
const char *name: Name of the callback.
int (*startup)(unsigned int cpu, struct hlist_node *node): startup callback function or NULL if not required
int (*teardown)(unsigned int cpu, struct hlist_node *node): teardown callback function or NULL if not required

Description

Sets the internal multi_instance flag and prepares a state to work as a multi instance callback. No callbacks are invoked at this point. The callbacks are invoked once an instance for this state are registered via cpuhp_state_add_instance() or cpuhp_state_add_instance_nocalls()

int cpuhp_state_add_instance(enum cpuhp_state state, struct hlist_node *node)¶: Add an instance for a state and invoke startup callback.

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the instance is installed
struct hlist_node *node: The node for this individual state.

Description

Installs the instance for the state and invokes the registered startup callback on the online cpus which have already reached the state. The state must have been earlier marked as multi-instance by cpuhp_setup_state_multi().

int cpuhp_state_add_instance_nocalls(enum cpuhp_state state, struct hlist_node *node)¶: Add an instance for a state without invoking the startup callback.

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the instance is installed
struct hlist_node *node: The node for this individual state.

Description

Installs the instance for the state. The state must have been earlier marked as multi-instance by cpuhp_setup_state_multi. NOP if SMP=n or HOTPLUG_CPU=n.

int cpuhp_state_add_instance_nocalls_cpuslocked(enum cpuhp_state state, struct hlist_node *node)¶: Add an instance for a state without invoking the startup callback from a cpus_read_lock() held region.

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the instance is installed
struct hlist_node *node: The node for this individual state.

Description

Same as cpuhp_state_add_instance_nocalls() except that it must be invoked from within a cpus_read_lock() held region.

void cpuhp_remove_state(enum cpuhp_state state)¶: Remove hotplug state callbacks and invoke the teardown

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the calls are removed

Description

Removes the callback functions and invokes the teardown callback on the online cpus which have already reached the state.

void cpuhp_remove_state_nocalls(enum cpuhp_state state)¶: Remove hotplug state callbacks without invoking the teardown callback

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the calls are removed

void cpuhp_remove_state_nocalls_cpuslocked(enum cpuhp_state state)¶: Remove hotplug state callbacks without invoking teardown from a cpus_read_lock() held region.

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the calls are removed

Description

Same as cpuhp_remove_state nocalls() except that it must be invoked from within a cpus_read_lock() held region.

void cpuhp_remove_multi_state(enum cpuhp_state state)¶: Remove hotplug multi state callback

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state for which the calls are removed

Description

Removes the callback functions from a multi state. This is the reverse of cpuhp_setup_state_multi(). All instances should have been removed before invoking this function.

int cpuhp_state_remove_instance(enum cpuhp_state state, struct hlist_node *node)¶: Remove hotplug instance from state and invoke the teardown callback

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state from which the instance is removed
struct hlist_node *node: The node for this individual state.

Description

Removes the instance and invokes the teardown callback on the online cpus which have already reached state.

int cpuhp_state_remove_instance_nocalls(enum cpuhp_state state, struct hlist_node *node)¶: Remove hotplug instance from state without invoking the teardown callback

Parameters

enum cpuhp_state state: The state from which the instance is removed
struct hlist_node *node: The node for this individual state.

Description

Removes the instance without invoking the teardown callback.

The Linux Kernel

Contents

This Page

CPU hotplug in the Kernel¶

Introduction¶

Command Line Switches¶

CPU maps¶

Using CPU hotplug¶

The CPU hotplug coordination¶

The offline case¶

The CPU hotplug API¶

CPU hotplug state machine¶

CPU online/offline operations¶

Allocating a state¶

Setup of a CPU hotplug state¶

Removal of a CPU hotplug state¶

Multi-Instance state instance management¶

Examples¶

Testing of hotplug states¶

Architecture's requirements¶

User Space Notification¶

Kernel Inline Documentations Reference¶